Determinants of financial sustainability of microfinance institutions in Pakistan

Since Pakistan achieved independence, poverty has become one of the most important issues in the country, which can be
reduced with the help of microfinance sector. Pakistani microfinance institutions (MFIs) are facing a decline in profitability which makes
it difficult for them to survive. The current study aims to investigate the determinants affecting the financial performance, i.e. profitability
and sustainability of microfinance institutions in Pakistan, as well as to establish if attaining profitability and sustainability becomes
a conflicting goal in serving the poorer strata. The paper utilizes an unbalanced panel data set of 29 MFIs for the period 2008–2014
obtained from MIX Market. The study uses fixed effect and random effect with later accounting for endogeneity through instrumental
variables technique i-e 2SLS and 3SLS. The results reveal that MFIs’ size, cost efficiency, portfolio at risk, average loan size and yield
on loan portfolio are the main factors influencing the financial performance of MFIs in Pakistan. No sign of mission drift has been found
rather serving to the poor is seen to be an increment for financial performance. The study provides guidance to MFIs’ managers in
determining the factors that could affect their financial performance and reaching foremost objectives of any MFI. Managers can get an
idea how to achieve both goals simultaneously. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study concentrated specifically on Pakistan in
determining performance and outreach factors to date considering the simultaneous causation adopting two-stage least square (2SLS)
and three-stage least square (3SLS) estimation strategy.