Fair and safe eligibility criteria for women's sport

The Paris 2024 Olympic boxing competition, featuring athletes with alleged male advantages in the female category, has reinvigorated controversy about eligibility criteria for women's sport. Recently, in this journal [1], we explained how endoge-nous testosterone production during male development leads to performance advantages arising from well-established sex-based differences in body size, muscle mass, endurance, speed, strength, and power. These physical advantages are so large that they necessitate a separate and protected female category that excludes male advantage to ensure fair and safe competition for female athletes. The unfortunate developments in the 2024Olympic Games compel these matters to be revisited.