Model-Based Optimization of a 10-kWp Agrivoltaic System With Semi-Transparent and Bi-Facial Panels for Enhanced Crop Yield, Energy Production, and Land-Use Efficiency

The increasing demand for electricity and food production has intensified competition for limited land resources, necessitating innovative solutions such as agrivoltaic systems. This study investigates the optimisation of a 10-kWp agrivoltaic system that integrates bifacial and semi-transparent photovoltaic (PV) panels to improve crop yield, energy generation, and land use efficiency. PV and CROPWAT simulation tools were employed to evaluate energy output, shading effects, water use efficiency, and economic feasibility for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivation at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. The system achieved an annual energy output of 14,769.93 kWh, with a performance ratio (PR) of 81.53%. The bifacial modules leveraged albedo radiation from the ground to increase energy yield, while the semi-transparent PV panels allowed transmission of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), supporting agricultural viability. Partial shading contributed to a favourable microclimate by reducing soil and ambient temperatures by 2 to 3°C, which led to a 15 to 20% reduction in irrigation demand. The calculated Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 1.6 indicated a 60% improvement in land use efficiency. Techno-economic analysis confirmed strong financial viability, with a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of £0.14/kWh and a payback period of under 10 years. The system is also projected to offset 126.3 tons of CO2 emissions over its 25-year lifespan, contributing meaningfully to climate mitigation goals. By integrating agronomic and PV modelling, the study highlights agrivoltaic systems as a scalable solution for addressing the water–energy–food nexus, particularly in land-scarce and climate-stressed regions.