Abstract
The modern world is facing one of the serious threats (i.e., freshwater) to the life on the planet and efforts are being made to provide freshwater for the current population. The novelty of this work lies in a comprehensive evaluation of properties and performance of commercially available NFDK membrane for various monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (CaCl 2, MgCl 2) salts, particularly tin salt (SnCl 2). The central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology were applied in designing the experiments to assess the effects of the numerical factors, i.e., pressure, concentration, and categorical factors like salt type, on the flux and rejection. The characterization results showed the asymmetric structure with three distinct layers, and hydrophilic surfaces with negative surface charges and thus was expected to perform well depending upon other operational parameters. It was deduced that the Donnan exclusion mechanism dominantly regulated the tin ion rejection 95.14% and permeate flux 71.18 L/m 2.h at 10 bar pressure. The optimization results showed that predicted results were in good agreement with experimental results. The R 2= 0.99 showed the effectiveness of CCD in the optimization of NFDK performance.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1815-1831 |
| Number of pages | 17 |
| Journal | Chemical Papers |
| Volume | 76 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| Early online date | 28 Jan 2022 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Mar 2022 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:The authors are cordially grateful to the Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for their laboratory facilities and the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia's financial support (MyRA-0153AB J16).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences.