Overcoming vaccine cold chain challenges in Nepal's animal health sector: innovative strategies for effective immunisation

As the global population increases, the FAO estimates that demand for livestock-related products will rise by more than 50 % by 2050, primarily driven by growing demand in Africa and South Asia. Vaccination is one of the most effective tools to protect against diseases in animals. Still, a major challenge to vaccination programmes is the maintenance of the cold chain system required for proper storage and transport of vaccines. [1,2]. These are two of the most critical and essential factors to ensure vaccine quality, which are often overlooked, leading to several instances of failures to combat disease outbreaks. This has raised concerns about the adequacy of cold chain maintenance.