Third-generation photovoltaics: Introduction, overview, innovation, and potential markets

Emerging third (3rd)-generation photovoltaic (PV) technologies seek to use innovative materials and device architectures to go beyond the drawbacks of existing solar cells. 3rd-generation PV stands out for its higher efficiency, lower cost manufacturing approach, and applicability for a range of uses, such as PV incorporated into buildings, wearable electronics, and portable devices. Organic, dye-sensitized, perovskite, and quantum dot (QD) solar cells are some of these technologies. The advantages and special characteristics of each technology are highlighted in this chapter. It may be possible to create organic solar cells using inexpensive printing methods on flexible substrates. Transparency, color, and tunability are features of dye-sensitized solar cells that make them appropriate for applications that are incorporated into buildings. QDs might also lower the cost and increase the efficiency of solar cells, which is another benefit. These technologies are suited for a variety of applications, including electronics products, automotive, and architecture because of their promise for low-cost production, flexibility, and transparency. Perovskite solar cells have demonstrated a notable increase in efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. The adjustable bandgap of QD solar cells may enable a variety of uses. Implementing innovative materials, nanostructures, and manufacturing methods that enhance the performance of solar cells is where 3rd-generation PV technology innovates. In conclusion, 3rd-generation PV technology provides a potential route to more effective, affordable, and sustainable solar energy. The combination of cutting-edge processing methods, nanostructures, and innovative materials results in special properties and benefits that have the potential to completely transform the solar energy industry.